An article by Lauren Wilson entitled „Australian poverty rate hits 13.9 per cent, ACOSS report shows“ published on the website news.com.au on 12th October 2014 discusses the reasons for the increasing poverty rate in Australia. Today, Australia has more than 2.5 Million inhabitants who live below the OECD poverty line. These 19.9% of the population live with less than 400$ per week if they are a single adult or with less than 841$ per week if they are a couple with two or more children. The executive chief of the Australian Council of Social Service (ACOSS) says the findings highlight the need for a national plan to tackle the problem of poverty. She also mentions that such a rise of the poverty rate is unacceptable. In addition, she emphasizes that the community has to be confronted with the problems if there should be any improvement.
According to the report, the worst situation is found in the island of Tasmania with 15% of people living in poverty. Directly behind lies Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia and last in line is South Australia with 11.7%. It is also mentioned that women are more in danger of living in poverty than men. We also learn that a half of all the recipient of welfare live below the poverty line set by the OECD.
What we have to say about this:
According to the statistics, Australia has had a continuum economic growth since 1992. In 2008 the national unemployment rate decreased to only 4 percent, which was the minimum for over 30 years. Australia has a well-developed education system, a good health system and in general people have a high standard of living, even though there are more than 2.5 million Australians out of 23 million inhabitants living below the OECD poverty line today. In the past two years the national poverty rate rose to 13.9 percent. For the Australian children the situation is even worse: 17.3 percent of kids across the island live in poverty and as far as single parent households are concerned more than one of three is poor. And the unemployment rate in Australia is about 6.4 percent in 2014. So what happened?
In 2009 the financial crisis hit Australia. More than 300’000 people lost their jobs and the unemployment rate rose to 5.59 percent. In Switzerland the unemployment rate rose from 2.5 to 4.5 percent. After the financial crisis the rate decreased very fast in Switzerland and two years later was almost as low as before the crisis. On the island the rate only decreased to 5.3 percent and stayed constant in the following years. Since the beginning of the year the rate has risen and in July reached a rate of 6.3 percent, which is the highest in 12 years. More than 1.5 million Australians don’t have a job today.
Unfortunately there’s not a real system to support the unemployed in Australia. Compared to Switzerland the unemployment benefit is extremely low. With the budget of a welfare recipients a normal live is nearly impossible and for a lot of people it means living in poverty.
But the main reason for the rising unemployment rate and the increasing poverty rate is the high population growth. In 2013 the Australian population grew about 1.7 percent. 60 percent of the growth was due to immigration. The Swiss population grew in the past year about 1.1 percent and only grows because of immigration. A lot of people come to Australia to work there, but then can’t find a job. But not only immigrants are suffering because of the lack of job offers. Also teenagers between 15 and 24 years have problems finding a job. About 18 percent of them don’t have a job.
The Australian economy is growing and every year there will be new job offers but the problem is that the economy doesn’t grow as fast as would be required to satisfy the demand for new jobs, a demand caused by the growing population. And because there is no real system to support the unemployed a large part of the population lives in “poverty”. (Gr, Ma, Jo, Ni)
According to an article by Sam Boyer entitled “School absenteeism in Auckland horrifies police” published on 25th September 2014 the police in New Zealand visited three different schools; the Manurewa high school, the James Cook High School and the Alfriston College. During their expedition they made a shocking discovery: Of the 4586 students that should have attended schools, 321 were absent! This corresponds to about seven percent of all students.
This generation of students doesn’t seem to fully understand the importance of education for their personal development and professional careers. They don’t take school seriously as they used to. The percentage of teenagers playing truant increases from year to year. In “The New Zealand Herald” it is written that only one year ago the percentage of the high school students who didn’t attend school regularly were just 3.9 per cent. Now there are nearly twice as much. The police and the teachers are asking themselves why such a high number of teenagers aren’t quite interested in attending school anymore and what they’re actually doing during their absence. In the article it says that some people suppose that the high school students are probably involved in youth crime like burglaries, shop-lifting, vehicle crime and so on. In this neighbourhood students take part in criminal activities even at primary and intermediate level. Of course it isn`t clear whether or not the presumption are true. However it is possible since the number of youth crime is rising. Nowadays even children of the age between 12 and 15 are committing criminal offences. It’s clear that action has to be taken which means that for example punitive measures will be taken if parents aren’t able to control their children and if they fail to teach them certain manners. Teachers hope that these operations will reduce the amount of the truant children.
What we have to say abou this:
We assume that the population’s opinion about youth crime in New Zealand isn’t any different from ours in Basel. It’s seen as something bad that we should try to reduce as much as possible. As we’ve seen in the article youth crime also leads to truancy and since education is essential for young people, New Zealand has taken certain measures. These include a Youth Crime Action Plan (YCAP) that is the same all over New Zealand. This is a plan to reduce youth crime and help those who offend to turn their lives around. Government agencies work together more closely with schools, parents etc. to stop problems before they become an issue. It also aims at helping the people behind the statistics because they don`t offend without reason. There are often personal problems behind their actions and in order to prevent them from reoffending the government takes care of their issues. If an offender is caught, the police either just warns him or he gets a youth justice coordinator who stands in for his interests during the family group conference where it is decided what’s going to happen with the offender next. If they can’t agree on a fair punishment a punitive measure will be defined by the youth court. This method is used for every crime except murder. The success rate of the YCAP is 90 per cent.
In Basel there isn’t such a complex system. A few years ago, youth crime wasn`t even recognized as a serious problem that needs to be solved. Now there are seven youth workers called “Jugendsachbearbeiter” that take care of these cases. They are spread over three different police stations in Basel-Land and their job is to deter crime by correctly informing students about offenses and to identify young criminals in cooperation with the youth advocacy as well as the police. Meanwhile they have a special daily journal in which they collect all probable youth crimes so they’re able to conduct investigations very rapidly in case of increasing crimes in a certain area. They also need many connections to people that work closely with children and teenagers because they seek contact with persons directly involved. Adolescents who commit a crime in Basel are then sent to the youth court and if necessary to a psychologist.
Now we’re going to look at the results of these two methods. In New Zealand, youth crime has decreased by about 34 percent over the last twenty years. The ministry of justice announced that only a fifth of all the offenders appeared a youth court. That’s because the police is looking for alternative methods to punish young people since they think it’s too harsh to immediately handing them over to the criminal justice system. One of these alternatives is for example the YCAP that we`ve talked about about. This decline of teenagers appearing at the youth court is shown in the following statistics that we’ve found in another article. In 1997/98 there were about 900 adolescents taken to a youth court while in 2011/12 that number had decreased to 189. By contrast we see a slight increase of youth crime during the past ten years in Switzerland. But since 2011 this value has decreased again. So this means that even if youth crime is still a problem it’s apparently in decline in Switzerland and New Zealand thanks to the success of the actions taken.
In the article “The Growing Epidemic of Police Violence: Is It Time to De-Militarize Police Forces?” John W. Whitehead, president of the Rutherford institute and author of ‘A Government of Wolves’, tells us about the increase of police brutality and how the problem can be solved in his opinion.
The author of the article begins with the important question, that he hopes to answer, namely “how long will the police be able to get away with its ruthless tactics, before the people say ‘stop’?” He continues by giving us two examples of the police overreacting, where either humans or their pets were severely harmed through police wrongdoing. Further he explains that the source of the problem is the attitude of the “Special Weapons and Tactics”, in short SWAT, because nowadays these trained-to-kill teams are involved even in harmless situations. He also states that general mentality of the police department has changed from protecting the population from the bad guys to fighting an all-out war against crime.
The author then continues by giving us another two examples where instances of the police overreacting has led to casualties, this time focusing more on the “shoot first, ask questions later” aspect, followed by an explanation why he thinks that this is the case today. His explanation is that police officers are trained to use excessive and even deadly force and to report their actions in such a way, that there isn’t any doubt that the officer dealt with the situation correctly and thus avoiding legal complications.
To finish the article Mr. Whitehead states that the problem can only be solved if the police get rid of their violent mindset and that the people themselves need to take the initiative.
What we have to say about this:
This article shows quite well that instances of police brutality aren’t uncommon in the USA. There always seem to be fresh reports in the media about the police overreacting to harmless situations, or police brutality. It’s also frequent that police forces use excessive or even deadly force under circumstances that do not warrant it. Many people are of the opinion that police officers abuse their power, for example through overuse of their tasers or their pepper sprays. In Basel the use of SWAT team equivalents is nowhere near as common. Most situations in our local area are dealt with in a very low-key way instead of the large-scale police operations that seem to occur in the United States on a regular basis.
The differences in the way that police forces conduct themselves results in a major difference in mindset between Americans and the people in Basel and the rest of Switzerland. For instance when we get pulled over by a police officer, we don’t usually have any concerns about the officer treating us unfairly or even physically harming us. The thought that a member of a police department would harm us when we interact with them never really crosses our mind. This is probably due to the fact we do not hear about these sort of things happening near us. We are of the opinion that things like this just don’t happen as often where we live. When the people of America regularly hear about police wrong-doing in the media, they develop a deep mistrust of the people whose job it is to protect them.
This mistrust leads to some serious negative consequences. If the population don’t trust their local police force, it makes the jobs of those police officers much harder. People are less likely to cooperate and more likely to avoid any interaction with law enforcement if they can. This reduced cooperation caused by the general mindset of the people could therefore hinder police investigations and lead to more crimes remaining unsolved.
We also get the sense that people feel helpless when dealing with the police in America. People do not dare put up any resistance or protect themselves from them out of fear of facing more severe consequences. And even when people are wronged by police officers, the officers themselves very rarely face any consequences. Many instances are reported in such a way that the officer himself is absolved of any wrong decisions. Officers feeling that they are untouchable because they think they can get away with anything, is probably what leads to these cases of police brutality in the first place.
We also have the same opinion as the author of the article when it comes to the mentality of law enforcement in general. We think there is a huge difference between Switzerland and the US when it comes to this aspect. The “shoot first, ask questions later”-attitude is not prevalent where we live. It exists in the US partly because every citizen has the constitutional right to carry a gun and that police officers need to protect themselves if they have to. But it seems that within the police force a culture has developed, where police officers try to avoid all risk by using excessive force, even in situations that do not warrant it.
To summarize, we think there is a very stark contrast between the police force in our local area, where people do not feel threatened by the law enforcement and the US where an increasingly aggressive and militarized police force has led to the general population fearing the people employed to protect them. (M.C, M.H, L.B, O.M)
According to an article of the New York Times dating from 5th of September 2014 entitled „Nigeria in the time of Ebola“ there have been a number of new Ebola cases in Nigeria. Patrick Sawyer, for instance, who fled from Liberia to Nigeria in the hope of getting better medical treatment contributed to the spreading of the disease. He died five days later. Meanwhile others have been infected. One of the nurses who treated P. Sawyer and who was infected by him managed to escape from a poorly guarded Isolation ward. She is believed to have infected another 20 people.
People living in Nigeria use an intimate physical way to welcome each other; shaking hands is just the first step of greeting people. This is a serious issue because manners mean a lot in this country. Since Ebola is transmitted by physical contact the measures taken to prevent the spreading of the disease creates an awkward situation for the local population. The fact that people no longer shake hands indicates how serious the situation nowadays is with Ebola in Nigeria. It is understandable that this deadly virus with no known cure tends to cause panic is understandable, given the number of stories about the disease coming out of West Africa. Due to this fact, a lot of quack cures, as well as traditional herbal remedies from folk doctors have become popular and widespread. For instance, it is said, that drinking and bathing in salt water is a way to avoid becoming infected. This has caused at least two deaths and approximately 20 other people who had to go to the hospital. Besides these rare cases, most people remain calm but careful at the same time.
What we have to say about this:
It is noteworthy how the government of Nigeria has taken an atypically responsible approach. Usually the people of Nigeria distrust their government. The government is believed to be corrupt and incompetent, illustrated by the ineffective fight against the Islamic rebels of “Boko Haram”. Most of the people simply hope, that they are not going to get infected, use disinfectants and try to live their life as before.
Nowadays it is important to be aware of the the events happening in the world. Due to globalization it is certainly possible that Ebola occurs in Western Europe, and everyone should be informed and should know what Ebola is. It is interesting to get to know other countries and cultures, which are different but where English is spoken. This is the reason why we have chosen an article about Nigeria, a place we barely know. And since Ebola is a current issue worldwide, it is absolutely worth discussing and commenting the facts mentioned in the article. The author Adewale Maja-Pearce basically compliments Nigeria on its swift reactions to the spreading oft the virus to this country. But exactly these reaction had a big influence on the population of Nigeria.
Imagine how all these people must have been shocked and confused, as they were told to suddenly abandon the traditional system just because of hygienic safety. We don't believe that they could simply drop their elaborate rituals and traditions at once. Indeed, the article talked about awkwardness in social relations, but it didn't seem like a big affair for them to handle according to what is written in the article. Many people probably only followed the advice because it was given by their religious leaders, both Christian and Muslim. They did so because they are profoundly religious and not because they understood that safety comes first. That's why the authorities made a right decision, using the churches and mosques as transmitters. Nevertheless, traditions should not be given up during in these difficult times and they probably won’t because it is very difficult to lay down the old traditions. The risk of spread is still acute and it is impressive to see that the people are trying to avoid an infection. However it is bad that the infected don't trust the medical institutions. There have been violent riots because of the isolation of infected people. Here we see a big difference to the people in Europe, who would certainly trust the medical health facilities. Maybe this has to do with the infrastructure because in Europe it is much more developed than in Africa. In Nigeria and elsewhere in Africa traditional healers challenge the authority of the medical institutions. This an issue since people in Africa have to decide whom to trust. In order to decide properly some basic medical knowledge about diseases is needed. Unfortunately education in Africa is not as good as in Europe and not all the inhabitants of Nigeria are able to afford a proper education.
The situation with Ebola can perhaps be compared with HIV which also first appeared in Africa before the disease spread to developed countries. Nowadays medicines are available to treat HIV and information campaigns have been successful to avoid a further spreading of the disease. Ebola crisis will soon be under control thanks to the experience of HIV. This is absolutely necessary if more misery in Nigeria and elsewhere is to be avoided. (Fe, Ch, Ke)
The article we chose, “Gay culture gaining momentum in Singapore” by Tom Benner, published by Aljazeera on 3rd of June 2013, is about the gay community in the city-state and island country Singapore. According to Singapore’s Penal Code homosexuality is illegal and can be punished by two years in prison. This rule was made many years ago, back when Singapore was still a British colony. Still, gay culture in Singapore is growing and has gained more advocates over the last few years. On the other side Christian conservatives fear the loss of the traditional Singaporean family. They are committed to keeping up the law against homosexuality. In the words of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong: “These are not issues that we can settle one way or the other, and it's really best for us just to leave them be, and just agree to disagree. I think that's the way Singapore will be for a long time." As the statement shows he is trying to stay neutral in the battle between gay rights advocates and religious and social conservatives. But Singapore’s gay community and their supporters do not think this is enough. They demand to be treated equally and are increasingly gaining attention.
One effort to support the community is made by "Pink Dot Sg" which is a yearly festival for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. Last year’s event was attended by over 15'000 people. In addition to this, the magazine “Element” published its second issue this summer. It’s the first national gay lifestyle magazine. Due to the law against gays its only accessible online, on a US server.
Even though the issue of homosexuality has been discussed for several years, same-sex relationships are a taboo and are still not really accepted by most of the Singaporean population. We found some possible explanations for this disapproval and we’re going to take a closer look at two of them and compare Singapore’s mentality to the one in Switzerland.
What we have to say about this:
Our first point is the history of Singapore. It all began with the colonialisation by Britain. Since the introduction of British rules in 1819, Singapore’s laws didn’t change much until October 2007. Although the people in the UK now accept homosexuality, the criminalization of same-sex relationships is still found in many older colonies such as Singapore. Before 2007, homosexuality or other forms of sexual behavior that didn’t serve the purpose of building a family unit, were punished with imprisonment for life. After reviewing this section of the law in 2007, oral and anal sex were legalized for heterosexuals and female homosexuals only, meaning that homosexual relationships between males are still not legal.
The other aspect we thought which has a strong influence on this matter is religion. One-third of Singaporeans are Buddhists, which have the largest following. Buddhism teaches and expects a certain behavior from you, which is embodied in what is called “the Five Precepts”. The third of these Percepts is about sexual behavior, which forbids relationships between people of the same sex. This means as a gay person being sexually active means breaking the third Percept.
In Switzerland homosexual acts are legal since 1942 and since 2000 you’re punished for discriminating a person because of his or her sexual orientation. In School we learn the main things about sex, such as how to protect ourselves from sexually transmitted infections and diseases (for example Aids).
Sexual education in Singapore teaches the kids that pre-marital sex is not desirable because of the possible risks. Teachers promote abstinence before marriage.
In general, sex has always been a very sensitive issue in Singapore, which people don’t like to speak about and it is very rarely mentioned in public. Of course there are differences between the different communities and its people and everyone has his or her personal opinion on it. Singapore even has had a reputation of being conservative and serious for a long time. A study in the year 2003 accomplished by Durex, a condom company, showed that Singaporeans have the least amount of sex. Thus it doesn’t come as a surprise that that walking around naked in your own home is illegal in Singapore. But now times are slowly changing for the better. Although homosexuality is still illegal, lots of Singaporean gay clubs are becoming more popular and raising support for same-sex rights in Singapore.
As you can see, things are still quite controversial in terms of homosexuality in Singapore, whereas in other countries it is not much of a problem anymore. However, we see the possibility of conditions becoming better for homosexuals in Singapore, although there will always be people against it. Unfortunately there isn’t much we can do about that.(Sa, Al, Ma, Ju)
This article from BBC Asia entitled “Is Fiji on the road to democracy” published on the 16th of September 2014 is about the recent election in Fiji. Since 1987, four coups have taken place in Fiji, because of ethnic tensions. Mr Bainimarama wanted to stop these tensions and therefore made a coup too, in 2006. He overturned the civil government arguing they were corrupt. Furthermore, he preferred the Indigenous Fijians in comparison to the ethnic Indians. Australia and New Zealand as neighbouring countries of Fiji put the new military government under pressure to hold a vote to install a civil government. Consequently, Frank Bainimarama stepped back as Fiji's military chief in order to participate in the polls as a candidate. He wants to keep his power but this time as president elected by the population.
The current election in Fiji doesn’t happen without manipulation. The government has imposed some requirements for campaigning. For instance, only parties, which receive money from outside can for example participate. The voters are also influenced by the press, which is not free at all since the incident in 2006. According to Amnesty International, there is a lot of self-censorship and fear because of the strict laws such as the ban to criticise the government in public. Officially, there has been no more censorship in Fiji since 2012.
What we have to say about this:
The central question of this article is if Fiji is on the road back to democracy. It is said that this long-awaited vote is very important for Fiji’s way towards a more democratic country because it is the first time since the coup of 2006 that people have the opportunity to vote for a new government. But there are observers who think that the vote won’t bring Fiji back on the way to a democratic system. The government has to make rearrangement before this can happen because the fundamental institutions have suffered during the years of suppression. The article also mentions the doubts of certain experts.
In a democracy, all citizens can decide what happens with the state and the government. In order to use this opportunity wisely, one has to be able to make up one’s own opinion. This is only possible if every argument and point of view can be made public and therefore reach the people who can then decide what they agree with or don’t agree with. Thus freedom of press, which is still an issue in Fiji, is crucial for opinion formation and consequently for a democracy.
Corruption is also a problem in Fiji that is a bar to a free democracy. This can’t be solved overnight because the people who are in charge don’t want to give up their powers. In addition, Fiji has been a corrupt state for a long time and this way of governance is engrained in the minds of the citizens. It is a hard and long process to change the way of thinking of a whole nation. So just one democratic, non-corrupt election is not enough, but it is a step into the right direction.
Now that Mr Bainimarama has been voted in, a lot of observers from other countries are wondering about whether he is the right person to bring Fiji back to democracy. These doubts are not unfounded because Bainimarama is one of the most influent military leaders of Fiji. This means that he is used to ruling by decree and he is also used to having a lot of power. Experts therefore think that he might use his political influence in his own favour and this would obviously not lead to a fair and democratic system for Fiji’s population. As we know the person that leads a country contributes a lot to the democratic future of this country.
This election is the first in which the whole population can participate. There is no regard to races. In this poll, all persons are at the same level. But this does not mean, that also in daily life all people are seen as equal. This democratic election does not solve the problems and tensions between the different races. It is crucial for a functioning democracy that the people belonging to the same population can work and form a nation. But in the past many conflicts appeared in Fiji due to racial tensions.
In Switzerland the democracy has been developed over a long period of and it is valued by most people. By contrast, Fijians didn’t come up with the idea on their own, there was also pressure from other states and it is a fairly recent change. Hence mentality of these people is different from ours since they didn’t establish it entirely out of their own will.
Racism is still a big issue in Fiji because for long time, the people were not equal in front of the law. In Switzerland there are also different cultures between the people living in the German, Italian and French speaking part. But they all have the same rights and there are no conflicts between them anymore. Therefore Switzerland is based on a system of collaboration despite the different cultural backgrounds. In contrast to Fiji which still has to overcome racism in order to form a unity. [S.W. Z.K. V.B.]
We have chosen an article from the emBODYindia’s tumblr page, which was published 23rd September 2014. EmBODYindia is a movement lead by a group of Harvard students that has dedicated itself to changing the way women’s bodies are viewed in India. It deals with the general problem of the way women`s bodies are looked at in India, and discusses it with the help of an issue surrounding Indian actress Deepika Padukone. Padukone dealt with being judged by the Times of India, whose article we looked at too when doing our research. The article starts out by describing the way men look at women in India when they are in public. They are sexualized no matter how they behave or how revealing they dress. It then goes on to criticise the way the Indian media, especially the Times of India, handled the issue. Deepika had expressed her feelings saying she felt violated about the way she had been portrayed in a video published a year ago. The video showed her attending a premiere, wearing a low-cut dress that showed a little bit of cleavage. TheTimes of India addressed the topic in their article “Dear Deepika, our point of view”. This article suggests that they did this in a very shaming manner, for example asking sarcastically whether they needed permission to publish further public pictures of her, printing a picture of her with her cleavage encircled and arrowed thus asking for sales and attention for their paper. The way the article is written worsens the portrayal of women’s bodies in the Indian media and emBODYindia asks how women’s bodies can be respected on a larger scale if it isn’t the case in the Indian media. Finally, the organization discusses the wrong idea of ownership of a woman’s body. It says that in India “[g]irls, like property, are still chattel on the marriage market. On the streets, women are leered at like wares on display”. The article calls for Indian women, men and institutions to fight for women’s respect and equality.
What we have to say about this:
The main issues of this article are women’s body rights and how women are constantly being sexualized against their will, just based on their appearance in the media and everyday life. We want to explain why this is so visible in India by looking at their culture and social standards. We also want to look at our mentality towards this topic in Basel and compare the two with each other.
As far as India is concerned, we believe that this isn’t a religious, but more of a social/cultural issue, originating from the patriarchal system. This means that the father is usually viewed as the head of the family. As a result of this, sons are seen as more valuable than daughters since they are considered capable of earning money, carrying on the family line. They stay with their original family and take care of their parents when they grow old. Girls on the other hand aren’t considered of earning money and leave their family once they get married. Even if these facts might not be totally accurate as of today, these ideas might still influence the mentality towards women. The Indian constitution provides the women with the same rights as the men, but this mentality might influence the way that women are treated.
Here in Basel or Europe in general, there are similar ideas about women, although they aren’t quite as apparent today. The idea that men are “breadwinners” is a common one here, women are traditionally considered housewives. This system is an old one, but nowadays it’s a pretty lose one. The difference here is that we generally consider women as equal to men, especially in the business world. An example is the Swiss Federal Council (Bundesrat), which has equally as many women as men.
So is there a ”dress code” for women in India? We found out that in Hinduism, apart from signs for being married like the bindi or bangles (which have become fashionable among all women, married or not), there are no dress codes. The traditional sari shows the midriff, which was mentioned as being sexualized in the article. So again the sexualization of women’s bodies based on what they wear is also a cultural issue. We assume this might be because of western standards influencing Indian mentality, but we can’t be sure. The important thing to us is that women and men are not looked at in the same way. This becomes very apparent in the way women are judged by what they wear or how they behave. If a woman shows some cleavage, she is “asking” for attention. The sad thing is that when we think about that issue here in Basel, we find it quite similar. Women are objectified based on what they wear and men usually aren’t. The cause of this is religion. In the Bible women are told to dress modestly and although Christianity isn’t important as a religion to most people here, it is as a mentality. In conclusion, we think that gender inequality should be globally recognized and fought against, by both women and men. We might have to start with a campaign like emBODYindia, (which we support thoroughly) but we can and will make a difference by just recognizing, addressing and trying to change the issue. (M.P./ M.A./ S.H.)
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